With over 82.5 million inhabitants, Germany is the most densely populated state of the European union. Apart from the city-states Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg, the most populous states are North Rhine-Westphalia (capital: Duesseldorf) in the west, with 18.03 million, and Bavaria (capital: Munich) in the south with 12.49 million. The population of the former East Germany remains below the national average, with the exception of Saxony. Berlin, the capital, is the most densely populated city with 3.4 million inhabitants, followed by Hamburg and then Munich. Overall, there are 84 large cities with a population over 100,000. These were developed either in Roman times (Cologne, Bonn, Trier, Augsburg), according to bishop seats in the Middle Ages (Wuerzburg, Hildesheim, Magdeburg and others), as imperial palaces (Aachen, Goslar, Quedlinburg), or as carefully planned Residenzstädte during the baroque period (Dresden, Karlsruhe, Mannheim). War destruction and reconstruction has dramatically changed the relative strengths of Germany’s urban centers.
Germany’s birth rate of 1.3 children per family is one of the lowest in the world. The negative population growth first registered in 1972. The population increase from 60.7 to 62.1 million between 1970 and 1989 was primarily due to immigration. However, with immigration decreasing, 2004 saw the first decrease in the German population by about 30,000 people.
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